Food borne illness Investigation

Question: Discuss about the Report on Problem-Based Learning exercise for Food borne illness Investigation ? Answer: Problem-Based Learning exercise: Food borne illness Investigation The attack rate for this outbreak can be calculated as: Total number of people who attended the dinner= 200 Number of persons who became ill= 60 Therefore, Attack Rate= 60/200*100 = 30% The attack rate for this outbreak is 30%. Case study analysis: Possible pathogen that caused the outbreak- Staphylococcus aureus is the possible pathogen that caused the food poisoning outbreak in this case. It is a spherical shaped gram-positive bacterium and produces a heat stable toxin (the condition also called as staphylococcus intoxication) (Aycicek, et al., 2005). Food vehicle- The food vehicle involves the protein foods such as ham quiche, chicken, tuna, egg products, unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated meat, and sandwich fillings, mixed sea food pizza, shrimp, mushroom pies, salads, creamed potatoes and cream-filled desserts like pastries, custards, ice-cream and fruits. Causes of Outbreak- Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for causing the food-borne illness mainly by contaminating the food through respiratory droplets (cough and sneeze), skin fragments and by direct body contact. Improper handling of cooked/or processed food by local political party members, improper refrigeration, keeping the food at room temperature for a long time as buffet had been prepared on Friday 10th and was transported in unrefrigerated vehicle as well as it was left in unrefrigerated condition until its consumption the next day. All these factors leads to the production of a toxin called as enterotoxin which is resistant to heat, freezing and refrigeration and thus, the growth of this bacteria in buffet meal (Kadariya, et al., 2014). Rationale behind discerning the pathogen- Staphylococcus aureus is likely to be involved in this case because cases have been reported where S. aureus is the major cause behind illness due to eating the types of food which are listed in this case; the major type of food is quinche as a prime target for staphylococci infection in this case. The other rationale is based on the timings of the onset of symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, abdominal/stomach pain within thirty minutes to six hours after eating the food infected by bacteria (Kadariya, et al., 2014). Similar Incidences of outbreak with this pathogen- In United States, an outbreak of food poisoning occurred in a Military Lunch Party on July 30, 2012. Gastrointestinal illness was reported in 13 persons within 2-3 hours after eating the lunch who attended the military party. Bacterial Intoxication, mainly Staphylococcal enterotoxin A infection was found to be the main reason behind this outbreak. Perlo; a chicken, sausage and rice dish was identified as major type of food that caused the infection. The investigators and authorities identified improper handling and inappropriate food preparation measures as the major cause behind this outbreak (CDC, 2013). In 16 elementary schools of Texas, 1364 children became ill while eating the lunch. Chicken salad was identified as one of the food that resulted in illness in majority of the children. Bacterial examination of chicken salad was done and S. aureus was found to be present in large numbers. Keeping the food for very long time in warm classrooms resulted in food contamination (FDA, 2012). The controls measures that should be taken to prevent further outbreak of this type are: Personal hygiene of food handlers is important. This includes properly washing the hands, proper cleaning or sanitization of food-served areas and utensils, food handlers without any wound or skin infections. Also, cooked food should be stored in the refrigerators as soon as possible. Promoting Public health interventions and education programs related to food safety as well as public awareness and adherence to microbiological guidelines provided by WHO and FDA should be done (Bredbenner, et al., 2013). References: Aycicek, H., Cakiroglu, S., and Stevenson, T.H. (2005). Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat meals from military cafeterias in Ankara, Turkey. Food Control, vol. 16(6), pp. 531-534. Bredbenner, C.B., Berning, J., Biggers, M., and Quick, V. (2013). Food safety in home kitchens: a synthesis of the literature. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, vol. 10, pp. 4060-4085. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Outbreak of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning from a Military Unit Lunch Party-United States, July, 2012, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), vol. 62(50), pp. 1026-1028. Kadariya, J., Smith, T.C., Thapaliya, D. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal food-borne Disease: An ongoing Challenge in Public Health. BioMed Research International, pp. 1-9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012). Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Staphylococcus aureus. Retrieved on 19th July, 2015 from https://www.fda.gov/

Market Strategies Promotional Activities †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Market Strategies Promotional Activities? Answer: Introduction Marketing plan is a complete plan about all the activities that is prepared by the entrepreneurs, when they introduce new products and services in respective market. It includes all the related aspects, which are needed for bringing a product or service in the market (Morden, 2016). An organization includes various aspects in this, like; objectives, target market, market segmentation, market strategies and other promotional activities. This report includes the description about an Australian Airlines, i.e. Jetstar Airways. It is a low cost airline in Australia. The company is introducing low cost services for the people, who cannot afford the air traveling expenses. This report includes some components of marketing plan for companys products and services, like target market and marketing strategy of the company. The organization is implementing various effective strategies to promote the products in the market and all over the world. It is expanding its business operations in interna tional markets. Company Background Jetstar Airways Limited is an Australian airline, which is established in the year 2004. The organization is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia and offers low-cost airline services to its potential customers. It has launched its first local flight and promoted Magda Szubanski in the character of Julie the Jetstar girl as the symbol of the organization. The company is offering value based services globally. This is a wholly owned subsidiary of Qantas and formed in response to the competition and challenges posed by another low-fare airline, i.e. Virgin Blue. The airline runs a widespread local network and international services as well from its chief base, i.e. Melbourne Airport, Australia. Qantas established Jetstar airways in the year 2003 as its low-fare operations subsidiary (Jetstar, 2017). It has developed to work as one of the biggest airlines in Australia. It also operates its operations in domestic market of New Zealand. The organization is well-known for its low fares, every day to different locations. It has won various valued awards, like; Best Brand Experience for Low Cost Carrier in 2006 and Best Low Cost Airline in 2007. This airline carries approximately 8.5% of all the passengers travelling in or out of Australia. Like its parent company, it also has the competition with Virgin Australia and its low-cost subsidiary, i.e. Tigerair Australia. Through this subsidiary, Qantas has shares in other sister airlines, like; Jetstar Japan, Jetstar Asia Airways and Jetstar Pacific Airlines (Jetstar, 2017). The Australian airline industry is facing an intense competition due to entry of low cost airline, like; Jetstar Airways. It has strengthened the battle for occupancy rates and market share in Australian airline industry. The company is enhancing the customer loyalty by developing effective marketing strategies. It is the major key to survive in competitive aviation industry in Australia. Jetstar Airways has offered sub-par financial performance in nowadays because of customer complaints about poor quality services. Currently, Jetstar is working as one of the largest players in the low-fare airline segment in the country with fleet size of 44 aircrafts and 1900 flights weekly (Shaw, 2016). The organization has its presence in all major routes and 50 global markets through Asia Pacific region. Now, the flights of Jetstar fly to and from 19 Australian local and 17 long and short-haul international destinations. Currently, it is on third rank in largest airlines by market share in local aviation industry and in the list of top five international airlines in terms of capacity share. It is serving different international routes to and from Australian airport. Regardless of its low-cost policy, the organization provides a limited number of linking services without via baggage checking, however it has altered since the international airlifts started in November 2006. The organization has added the baggage connectivity facility as a service for the local flights connecting overseas flights. As a subsidiary of the Quatas, Jetstar Airways offers more international and local flights in comparison to other airline player in Australia country. It has flown 75 million people since its launch in the year 2004. Product/Service Description The introduction of Jetstar is the part Qantas two brand strategy. Under this strategy, the company has two brands, i.e. Qanats and Jetstar Airways. One offers finest full-service market and Jetstar offers low-cost services (Anderson, Narus Narayandas, 2009). Under its services, Jetstar offers to select the seat of their choice and it has become first airline in Australia, which allows the travellers to choose their seats on booking. Products and service offerings of Jetstar Airways are aimed to fulfill the changing needs of customers. The organization offers a right fare type for its customers. Moreover, Jetstar offers a simple service that is exposed to the core for reducing the costs and prices and enhance the value for customers. Under its services, the customers get a flight and minimal baggage at its lowest (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker and Brennan, 2015). The company is using effective marketing strategies and market segmentation for promoting its services among Australian Market and all over the world. The organization has expanded its services to various countries, like; New Zealand, Asia Pacific region etc. This airline has a codeshare contracts with various airline organizations, such as; Jin Air, Qantas, American Airlines, Emirates, Japan Airlines, LATAM Chile etc. The services of company are very effective and unique from other airlines. It is offering the airline services on low fare. For the promotion of these services, company is adopting and implementing various effective marketing strategies and targeting a market that is profitable for the company (Belobaba, Odoni, and Barnhart, 2015). The next paragraphs of this report include the discussion about the target market and marketing strategies of Jetstar Airways. Target Market Target market is a market, where an organization wants to offer its products and services and it consists of different set of customers for whom it puts additional marketing efforts. Identification of the target market is an important step in creating a marketing plan. A target market can be determined by considering different factors, like; demographic, psychographic, geographic and purchasing power of the people. Jetstar Airways is targeting the independents, which are 34% more likely to fly. Moreover, the company is targeting the residents of Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales, which are 7.6% possibly to go on an overseas holiday (Bradley Grant, 2015). In target market of company, household is exposing a higher than average income is more to fly with Jetstar Airways. In introducing this service, company is primarily targeting the people, who cannot afford travelling with higher fare airline. Market Segmentation Market segmentation is the process, in which a company segments the overall market on the basis of some specific characteristics, like; demographic, behavioral, psychographic and geographic characteristics. In its marketing plan, Jetstar is also emphasizing on these characteristics to target the market, so that it can promote its services in effective manner (Forgas, Moliner, Snchez and Palau, 2010). Geographic Characteristics: In context of geographic characteristics, Jetstar is selecting different locations for offering its products, like; New Zealand, Australia and Asia Pacific Region (Lawton, 2017). Psychographic Characteristics: Jetstar is targeting the people on the basis of socio-economic characteristics. In this process, it is offering its products to low and middle class people with the moderate income level. This is the primary market segment, on which company focuses (Fu, Lei, Wang and Yan, 2015). Demographic Characteristics: In this type of characteristics, Jetstar is emphasizing on the age group of 18 to 30 year olds, who have low and middle level income capacity. Company is pursuing the low fare operations, so it is also an important market segment for the company (Jarach, 2017). Behavioral Characteristics: In this context, the organization is targeting the occasion segmentation, in which it is targeting short distance or some minute flights, which do not need the benefits, which other airline organizations provide, such as; business class, meals etc. Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy is an organizational practice that incorporates marketing and other objectives in a plan (Homsombat, Lei and Fu, 2014). A marketing strategy is stated to be effective when it is implemented for market research and focused on related marketing mix for earning significant revenues and profits. It will assist the firm in maintaining its growth and business environment. In addition, the marketing strategy can accounted as the basis of a marketing plan. It plays a vital role in achieving the objectives of company. In this case, Jetstar is implementing various effective marketing strategies, which will assist the organization in creating awareness about its services. It will help the organization in enhancing its market coverage and market share. A marketing strategy of the company can serve so many benefits. For having these benefits, Jetstar is adopting several marketing strategies to achieve these benefits (Jiang, 2013). There are various strategies and marketing mix, which are adopted and implemented by Jetstar in promoting its airline services to its target market. These strategies are stated below; Jetstar is an Australian airline that aimed to offer low-cost airline services both at local and international level. By adopting the effective marketing mix strategies, the organization can successfully implement the strategies to ensure the brand image, which it has been sustained for providing best quality services. Marketing Mix The products of Jetstar are the airline and transportation services to fulfill the needs of low and middle class customers. The company is helping the people in reaching to their destinations by their flights. The company is offering low-fare flights with the best quality services for low to middle income level people (Kachaner, Lindgardt and Michael, 2011). As it is wholly owned subsidiary of Qantas, so its fleets are luxurious, that provide comforts and good features. The major feature of their services is that people can choose their seats at the time of booking tickets. Price Price is a major component in development of a marketing plan. Jetstar offers different packages for different income level customers. The major reason for introducing Jetstar airline is offering low-fare flights with some extra facilities. Furthermore, competition is also an important factor that determines the pricing strategies and policies of a company (Peppard and Ward, 2016). Place There are two ways, i.e. direct and indirect, by which an organization can gain advantage in distributing the products and services to the customers. Jetstar is selling its services in different locations, like; Australia, New Zealand and Asia Pacific region. Through its flights, people are traveling in or out of Australia. It is selling its tickets at ticket counter at airport and on their website (Pearson and Merkert, 2014). Promotion Promotion is the activities, which makes the organization able to advertise and communicate its services to the target market and customers. Jetstar has set up links with advertising agencies, so it is very easy to connect with its customers. Along with this, the company is promoting its products on modern platforms, like; social media networking sites. The company is using different marketing tag lines for enhancing its marketing promotion, like; Jetstar girl and All day everyday low fares. The major reasons behind success of its marketing campaign are these statements, which saw it as developed airlines for Australian flyers (Kleymann and Serist, 2017). The promotional activities of the company are enhancing the usability and access of its services. Thus, these marketing strategies will assist the organization in increasing its presence among its customers. Jetstar should adopt new and effective strategies to deal with the intense competition in the Australian aviation industry. Conclusion Thus from the above analysis, it can be concluded that marketing and promotional activities play a significant role for any organization, when it comes to introduce its new products and services. These activities can assist the organization establishing its brand reputation in the market and among customers. The above report includes the analysis about Jetstar Airways. Jetstar Airways is a famous airline with its low-cost operations. It serves the customers and business travellers with its transportation services in Australia and other countries. The report includes the background of company and description about its products and services. Moreover, it describes the target market and market strategies of Jetstar airlines. The above analysis concludes that the organization is adopting and implementing effective strategies and marketing tactics to enhance its brand image in the respective market. Furthermore, it is hereby recommended that the organization should include some market campaign in promotional activities. It should implement more effective strategies to reach to its target market. These steps will assist the organization in increasing its presence in market and among customers. References Anderson, J. C., Narus, J. A., Narayandas, D, 2009, Business market management: Understanding, creating, and delivering value. Pearson Prentice Hall. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015. Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C. eds., 2015.The global airline industry. John Wiley Sons. Bradley Grant, 2015,"Regional shake-up: Jetstar to break Air New Zealand's domestic stranglehold".The New Zealand Herald. Forgas, S., Moliner, M.A., Snchez, J. and Palau, R., 2010. Antecedents of airline passenger loyalty: Low-cost versus traditional airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,16(4), pp.229-233. Fu, X., Lei, Z., Wang, K. and Yan, J., 2015. Low cost carrier competition and route entry in an emerging but regulated aviation marketThe case of China.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,79, pp.3-16. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, pp.1-16. Jarach, D., 2017.Airport marketing: Strategies to cope with the new millennium environment. Routledge. Jetstar, 2017, Flights to Australia, retrieved from https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/cheap-flights/australia. Jetstar, 2017, Cheap Flights, retrieved from https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/cheap-flights. Jiang, H., 2013. Service quality of low-cost long-haul airlinesThe case of Jetstar Airways and AirAsia X.Journal of Air Transport Management,26, pp.20-24. Kachaner, N., Lindgardt, Z. and Michael, D., 2011. Innovating low-cost business models.Strategy Leadership,39(2), pp.43-48. Kleymann, B. and Serist, H., 2017.Managing strategic airline alliances. Routledge. Lawton, T.C., 2017.Cleared for take-off: structure and strategy in the low fare airline business. Routledge. Morden, T., 2016.Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Pearson, J. and Merkert, R., 2014. Airlines-within-airlines: A business model moving East.Journal of Air Transport Management,38, pp.21-26. Shaw, S., 2016.Airline marketing and management. Routledge.

Images of the Evangelist Matthew in the Book of Durrow and the Colbertinus Codex Faith and Devotion for the Evangelist

Introduction Although apparently quite different in sophistication and complexity as pieces of art, the Man, Symbol of St. Matthew, from the Book of Durrow and St. Matthew from the Codex Colbertinus share a common origin in intense faith. These two images of portray the same religious figure from three hundred years apart. They reveal the same devotion to the scripture and the faith that inspired them. Both use the best techniques available to them to glorify and invest with meaning and seriousness the role and person of Matthew the Evangelist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Images of the Evangelist Matthew in the Book of Durrow and the Colbertinus Codex: Faith and Devotion for the Evangelist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Identification of the work of art Unknown artist. The Man: the symbol for St. Matthew, from the Book of Durrow, latter half of the 7th century, CE. Ink and tempura on parchment. Description of the work of art The 7th century image of St. Matthew in the Book of Durrow depicts a male figure with pale hair and what appears to be a beard or sideburns. He is wrapped from neck to ankles in a heavily decorated cloak. His feet appear sideways, in the manner of ancient Egyptian representations of the legs and feet, making it very clear that these are feet, and not something else. The figure of Matthew is surrounded by elaborate scrolls, evocative of vining plants but not specifically depicting any plant. They are familiar to anyone who has purchase a piece of jewelry labeled as Celtic, and similar designs appear in sculpted crosses from the same period and before and after in the British Isles. The dominant colors appear to be red, black, gold, or what passes for gold and white or off-white. The condition of this page is good, but there appear to be missing areas of color in the scrolling. A reconstruction suggests that there was a lot more green in the scrolling and in the clo ak decoration. The overall size of the page is roughly 9 5/8 x 6 1/8, or equivalent to a modern trade book. The image is executed in ink and tempura on parchment, meaning that the surface could be sheep, calf, or goat skin. The tempura, a mixture of pigments and egg yolk, was typical of the period. One might infer that the outline was drawn in ink and then filled in with tempura colors. The Book of Durrow is now housed at Trinity College, in Dublin, Ireland. However, its source may have been elsewhere, for example in the ancient Christian center on the isle of Iona. Such texts were precious, and could have been looted or given as a gift over the centuries.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Identification of the work of art Unknown artist. St. Matthew from the Codex Colbertinus. 11th to 12th century, CE. Tempura on vellum (calf skin). Description of the work of art The figure of Matthew appears under an arch supported by columns. He wears a cloak, and his feet are bare, but depicted as seen from the front. He holds up a forefinger and thumb with one hand, and a book in the other. His pose, his wide open eyes, perfectly arched eyebrows, suggestion of a top-knot, and the neck folds are reminiscent of early depictions of the Gautama Buddha. His archway, which appears to evoke Roman architecture, and is in front of what seems to be a basilica style church, stands next to the letter L. This begins the Gospel of Matthew, the first words of which are â€Å"Liberi generationis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This phrase refers to the genealogy that the writer of this account of the life of Jesus then proceeds to list at length. The purpose of the genealogy is to connect Jesus, the son of Joseph and Mary, to the patriarchs and founders of the Jewish people. It also foreshadows the fulfillment of scripture that Matthew emphasizes so heavily in describing the events in Jesus’ life. The letter L contains many smaller figures, some of them fantastical, others perhaps simply ill-informed. There appear to be figures of a swan, a leopard, a dog, flowers and seed pods, a naked man, a man in parti-colored hose, raptor birds, and additional canidae. The prominent colors are red, blue, green, olive, white, gold, black, and variants of these. The condition of the page seems very good, although there may have been some fading in some spots. It is currently housed at the National Library of France. The manuscript is in Latin, but there is another manuscript in Greek, from Cyprus, that is sometimes referred to by the same name. Comparing and contrasting the two works The Colbertinus image of Matthew is a much more sophisticated piece of art but not one bit more heartfelt in its evocation of a historical person who was believed to have been a witness to the life of Jesus. While the Durrow image inevitably reminds a modern viewer of the strategies for representing the human figure that are adopted by very young children, the careful decoration shows the evidence of a devoted hand. Thus, they both reflect a deep faith in the scripture underlying the image.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Images of the Evangelist Matthew in the Book of Durrow and the Colbertinus Codex: Faith and Devotion for the Evangelist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The composition of the Durrow image is apparently simpler, since it presents the viewer with a single figure in a border. The Colbertinus image’s composition, on the other hand, includes a complex background that hints at buildings, as well as the elaborate fanciful decorations within the Letter L. However, the decorative curlicues surrounding the Durrow Matthew engage the eye as thoroughly as the figures twining through the Letter L. The curlicues represent a two-dimensional version of the knot-work that the Celtic peoples of this regi on had been perfecting for centuries in textiles and in stone, among other media. The knot-work may have had a specific symbolic message that is now lost. The way that the figures of Matthew fill the space is quite different. The Colbertinus Matthew dominates his little archway, standing squarely on two feet on a carefully laid pavement, confidently and clearly offering his gospel from the backdrop of a large and complex structure. He is instantly recognizable as a teacher of something, even to the non-Christian. He is rounded, and even though the drawing is very simple, there is an attempt to depict folds and shading to signal the volume of his body. The use of shading is carried out in all the other figures, but more subtly. The Durrow Matthew, on the other hand, almost floats in the space of his vining frame. There is no background, middle ground, or foreground. There is only Matthew. He is armored by his elaborately patterned cloak. His hands are not visible. Nothing that a mode rn viewer can recognize specifically identifies him as the Evangelist. Only the traditional iconography from the Book of Revelation, placing four creatures around the throne of the deity (lion, eagle, ox, face of a man) connects him to the historical and religious character of Matthew. He almost looks, to modern eyes, as though his sideways facing feet would like to carry him off somewhere. Matthew looks intensely forward, as direct in gaze as in the Colbertinus image, but inactive. The Durrow image has no shading or indication of volume. An uncharitable assessment would term it cartoonish, but there is clearly no intention to be childish or simplistic. The eyes are intense, the mouth is determined, and the pose is upright.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major use of light and dark is in the alternating colors in the complicated checkerboard pattern on the cloak. This gorgeously decorated cloak has the convenient of effect of signaling a special or elevated individual without requiring the artist to attempt to convey the shape of the body with the limited techniques at the artist’s command. This is a clever solution to this challenging problem. The colors in the Durrow image are more limited than those used in the Colbertinus image, perhaps reflecting the earlier artist’s more limited access to sophisticated pigments. However, the Durrow image uses the limited palette in varied ways, generating several different patterns of checkerboards for the cloak’s decoration. The overall contrast in color values in the Durrow image is lower. However, this may reflect deterioration of the pigments. The Colbertinus image has higher contrast, and uses a wider range of colors to depict birds, beasts, and Matthew’s c lothing. There is also more sophisticated use of the background surface, which is white/off-white, to denote Matthew’s skin, the sky, and the lighter portions of the animals and flowers. There is not the variety of saturation and value within colors that one would expect in a modern painting. This is more like a kid using colors from a kit: blue is blue, green is green and red is red. There is no light blue, light green, or pink. This distinguishes the 11th century image from what we would see today. Nonetheless, overall, the Colbertinus Matthew simply appears to have more vivid impact because there are more colors. This draws the eye and accords the appropriate weight to the great Evangelist. However, there is no for lack of effort on the part of the 7th century monk who decorated the Durrow codex. The Durrow image carefully places light and dark colors next to one another to create contrast even with the very limited palette. This technique also accords gravity to the image of the Evangelist, clothed in the most decorated vestments possible. There is very little texture revealed in either image. The background and the fanciful animals and flowers in the Colbertinus image do demonstrate some texture – through hatching and suggestion of spots on the leopard and feathers on the large birds. However, the Colbertinus image of Matthew is notable for smoothness of face and skin elsewhere. The Durrow image offers even less texture, except in the decoration of the cloak. The hair is almost undifferentiated, and the face has minimal modeling. There is a suggestion of beard. The very simple nature of both images fits with the modest scale of both pieces. The artist did not choose this size – it was determined by the size of the skins for the parchment and the upper limit of weight and size for a book. The small scale makes the relative simplicity of the images tolerable. At a huge scale, these images would look to modern eyes even more cartoonish a nd childish. As accompaniments to the reading of the Bible, these are eye candy, reinforcing the message of the scripture. The historical context of these two works Both the Colbertinus and Durrow images were an outgrowth of the religious atmosphere of their time. In the 7th century, the Christian religion had expanded to most of Europe. Each region had a very distinctive and fervent ‘flavor’ of Christianity, with their own decorative approach to the iconography. Thus, the Durrow image reflects Celtic knots and Matthew is as blond as any Scotsman is. The historical context of the 7th century must also include the founding of Islam. This spread swiftly throughout North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, and moved into the southern edges of Spain, Italy, Greece, and even France. Although there is no direct evidence of contact with Islam in the Durrow image, it is important to remember that from this point on, there were three great monotheistic religions in Europe, and two of them were willing to kill to defend their faith. The intense effort invested in Matthew’s image may somehow reflect this sense of embattledness. By the 11th and 12th centuries, there had been contact with the Holy Land via the Crusades to retrieve control of holy sites from Muslim control. The Middle Ages were at their height. Any deviation from the Roman Catholic faith was punishable as heresy. The Roman church was declaring itself the true heir to St. Peter, and separating itself from the Byzantine church. This confidence is reflected in image from Colbertinus. The Colbertinus image looks like a Roman wall painting, an expression of a powerful religious empire. Conclusion In both cases, religion was at the center of life, and the gospels were the central sacred texts. Both of these beautiful images convey the importance of the Evangelist, the most Jewish of the four. Each artist or team of artist has used the best materials and techniques at their disposal to impress th e reader/viewer. The apparent simplicity of the Durrow image belies the artist’s effort and care taken to display through obsessive decorative detail the glory of one who lived with the one that they regarded as the Savior. The Colbertinus image lavishes all the joyous imagination of the artist on surrounding the serene and welcoming image of Matthew with the birds, beasts, and folk of the created world. Bibliography Unknown. Man, the symbol for St. Matthew: Book of Durrow. Trinity College Library, Dublin. Unknown. St. Matthew: Codex Colbertinus. The National Library of France, Paris. This essay on Images of the Evangelist Matthew in the Book of Durrow and the Colbertinus Codex: Faith and Devotion for the Evangelist was written and submitted by user Alexis Brady to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Brian Nichols. Courthouse Killer

Brian Nichols. Courthouse Killer The Brian Nichols CaseOn March 11, 2005, a man on trial for rape, Brian Nichols, overpowered a female deputy, took her gun, and went into the courtroom where his trial was being held and shot the judge and a court reporter at the Fulton County Courthouse in Atlanta (Brian Nichols: Atlanta Courthouse Killer, 2005). Nichols was also charged with killing a sheriff's deputy who tried to stop his escape from the courthouse and shooting a federal agent at his home a few miles from the courthouse (Brian Nichols: Atlanta Courthouse Killer, 2005). Nichols' escape set off one of the largest manhunts in Georgia history, which ended after he took Ashley Smith hostage in her apartment and she convinced him to let her leave and then called 9-1-1 (Brian Nichols: Atlanta Courthouse Killer, 2005).The day before the shootings, the judge and prosecutors in Nichols' case requested extra security after investigators found a shank Ââ€" or homemade knife Ââ€" fashioned from a doorknob in each of Nichols' shoes (Atlanta Slayings Suspect Surrenders, 2005).Nichols, ConnecticutOfficials did not say what measures were taken to beef up security, but said deputy Cynthia Hall was alone when she escorted Nichols to his retrial on rape and other charges (Atlanta Slayings Suspect Surrenders, 2005). The law requires that defendants not be handcuffed as they enter the courtroom to make sure the sight of cuffs doesn't unfairly influence the jury (Atlanta Slayings Suspect Surrenders, 2005). The shootings had immediately raised questions about security procedures in the courthouse (Dewan, 2005). The legal issue at hand is that the law prohibits defendants from being handcuffed as they enter the courtroom so that the judge and/or jury are not unfairly influenced by the sight of the cuffs. Yet they definitely could have “beefed up” the security of the defendant a lot more than they did. Only one female deputy, Deputy Cynthia Hall, escorted the uncuffed, 6-foot-1, 200 pound, accused rapist, w ho was just caught the day before with homemade “shanks” in his shoes, to the courtroom (Dewan, 2005). Law enforcement definitely made an error in judgement when they decided to let one deputy escort the defendant. Even though the law prohibited them from cuffing Brian Nichols as he entered the courtroom, they definitely could have upped their security of him a lot more. I understand the point about avoiding prejudicing judges and juries, but at the same time I think innocent peoples safety should be the number one priority. Of course the other legal issue here is cold-blooded murder, yet this is not really an “issue” because there were so many witnesses that Brian Nichols would definitely not beat this one in court.A civil suit definitely could be filed by the judges family and by the court reporters family in this case. It could be brought against the Fulton County Police Department for failing to take appropriate precautions that would ensure the safety and well-b eing of everyone in that building.Brian Nichols avoided the death penalty when a jury deciding his fate deadlocked after four days of deliberation. The jury was split 9-3 in favor of giving Nichols the death penalty rather than life in prison (Montaldo, 2008). Superior Court Judge James Bodiford had only two options in sentencing Nichols, life without parole or life with the possibility of parole. He sentenced Nichols to life without the possibility of parole or probation on several charges (Montaldo, 2008).References:Atlanta Slayings Suspect Surrenders, (2005). Retrieved online May 13, 2009 from: foxnews.com/story/0,2933,150233,00.html.Brian Nichols: Atlanta Courthouse Killer, (2005). Retrieved online May 13, 2009 from: http://crime.about.com/od/current/a/brian_nichols.htm.Dewan, S. (2005). Suspect Kills 3, Including Judge, at Atlanta Court. Retrieved online May 13, 2009 from: nytimes.com/2005/03/12/national/12shooting.html?pagewanted=1_r=1.Montaldo, C. (2008). Atlanta Courthouse K iller Avoids Death Penalty. Retrieved online May 13, 2009 from: http://crime.about.com/b/2008/12/12/atlanta-courthouse-killer-avoids-death-penalty.htm.

Facilitate Continuous Improvement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facilitate Continuous Improvement - Assignment Example Maintaining the customers is very important to a business since they determine its progress. Through product improvement, the business retains and wins more customers. TQM promotes consistency since the business will be motivated to improve it product. That is, the rate at which a business product varies from its substitute is reduced by TQM. The manufacturing industry provides quality products at a price which is acceptable to the consumers thus increasing the value of the business. Therefore, total quality management plays a major role in maintain and improving business position. (Chase, 1991) Lean manufacturing aims at reducing and eliminating wastage and improving overall performance of the company. Companies tend to use the â€Å"Five S† aiming at maximizing output and overall performance. In manufacturing environment, incidents rates, machine breakdown/downtime, stored parts inventory, and call time and training cycles. (Feld, 2011) â€Å"Five S† consist of five disciplines that forms the method of organizing and managing a work place. The five disciplines are; sort, set in order, shine, standardize and systemize. Sort means separating those needed in the workplace from who are not required. For example, separating working photocopying machines from damaged ones and dispose them to create space. Set in order refers to arranging every particular need in the workplace in a logical manner which will reduce movements, over processing and transportation of items within the organization. An example include arranging the photocopying machines in a manner that they reduce commotion in the office. Also distributing the work to all workers to eliminate over-tasking. Shine means that the workplace is at its best condition since it is clean and every item is well arranged. Measurement of system is done at this discipline to allow better comprehension of variation. Example is testing the speed at which the different printers are operating in a

Are We Living in a Moral Stone Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Are We Living in a Moral Stone Age - Essay Example To illustrate her main argument, the author cites an interview done by Jay Leno in Tonight Show. Based on this interview, Sommers points out that the youth nowadays do not read the Bible, and they cannot tell what is right from wrong. The technique of using the interview is similar to telling an anecdote to attract the interest of her readers. The interview conducted with the two college students serves as the springboard to the discussion. The story attracts the attention of the readers with its humorous yet sarcastic content. The content of the interview also challenges the readers to provide their own response to the interview questions. The interview by Jay Leno functions as logos. It challenges the mind of the readers to think of the right answer to the questions posted by the host. Additionally, the result of the interview provides a basis for the author’s argument. Sommers provides the evidence first before explaining her point. The interview additionally functions as e thos. In particular, the familiarity of the readers with Jay Leno and his program, Tonight Show helps to establish credibility. Sommers relies on the credibility of Jay Leno to initially convince her readers. Nevertheless, even those who are not acquainted with Jay Leno and his show would still give merit to the given example taking into consideration that the show appears regularly on TV, and the interview called â€Å"man-on-the-street† is conducted â€Å"frequently† by the host. Readers may opine that a regular show such as Tonight Show will not stay long on national TV if it is not credible enough. Hence, one can claim that Sommers used a very good example to win her readers’ attention. Sommers further uses ethos as she mentions being a professor of ethics. This technique establishes her credibility in giving opinions on ethical issues. She cites her personal observations to further demonstrate her view. Considering her as a professor, her readers may consid er her insights valuable because they are based on her professional experience. Therefore, informing readers of her position as a college professor makes Sommers a more credible and experienced writer in the minds of the readers. Furthermore, Sommers uses pathos to convince her readers. After identifying herself as a professor of ethics, she expresses her concern for the American youth, saying, â€Å"One of the best things our schools can do for America is to set about repairing it — by confronting the moral nihilism that is now the norm for so many students.† Coming from a professor, this statement demonstrates that Sommers is genuinely concerned about the morals of students. Noting her concern, readers will be convinced of the author’s truthfulness, hence view her as a highly credible writer. Sommers divides her ideas into subheadings. Each subheading hints on a different angle of the issue, which allows the author to expound her ideas further. The first subhe ading is titled, â€Å"Conceptual Moral Chaos.† This part works in two ways. First, it implies the limitations of her scope. Second, it further builds the confidence of her readers on her claim. Reading this part fully will give readers an idea of what Sommers is pertaining to when she claims that â€Å"young people are morally confused.† Her claim about the youth may sound too judgmental for a young reader who would possibly feel skeptical about the claim. However, reading

Hinduism and Buddism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hinduism and Buddism - Research Paper Example The prayers are confirmed by marking Tikka, i.e., a red mark of vermilion on the foreheads. The goal of the narrator as a Hindu is to illuminate ignorance and become more spiritual. Discussion Questions 1. What cuisines are traditionally prepared at Diwali? 2. Why is Diwali celebrated at the end of year? 3. How many days does Dilwali continue for? 4. Is celebration of Diwali a means of spiritual revival for the Hindus? 5. How different is the celebration of Diwali between India and elsewhere? Strengths and Weaknesses a. I think that the video presented the topic well as whatever the narrator says, the video displays images with that. For example, when the narrator says that everybody gets into the prayer room, the video shows everybody assembling in it. Likewise, the coins are shown being washed in milk and being applied vermilion upon as the narrator explains what is happening. In addition to that, the accent and dialect of the narrator is such that each and every word is understand able. Secondly, the audience gets the complete concept of the Festival of Diwali as well as the underlying beliefs of the Hindus related to this event in a video of just 2 minutes and 4 seconds. Not only this, the video explains that the concept of gods in Hinduism is like a board of members, so that the audience does not get confused when the video shows the family first worshipping Lord Ganesha and then the Goddess Laxmi. b. It is a good video to show to those who do not know what is Diwali because it explains the concept of Diwali, shows a family praying upon and celebrating Diwali, discusses the significance of different gods and goddesses in Hinduism, and explains the reason Hindus illuminate their homes at this Festival. c. I had to do some further research to understand Diwali as this video did not discuss everything related to Diwali. One weakness of the video is that it only projects the perspective of the narrator. It would have been better if different family members were invited to express what meanings they associate with the event, though considering the time constraints, it seems justified. d. This video is useful for students and people belonging to all categories as all people in the video are dressed modestly, and there is no offence whatsoever. e. This video shows how Hindus get united at the Festival of Diwali and pray and celebrate it together. This spreads the message of tolerance, unity, and mutual harmony and understanding. Video II Video Summary This video covers Buddhism. The video shows paintings of the 500 disciples of Buddha in the North East India from the V century. In Sanskrit, they are called as Arhats. These disciples were intercessors and messengers of Buddhism. The idea was that they were enlightened while living among common people. These 100 paintings were compiled between 1854 and 1863. The paintings were intended to project Buddhist catechism. The essence of Buddhism is that materialistic world is deceptive and everythin g is in transition. The paintings depict the everyday lifestyle of the Buddhist disciples, their comfortable interaction with people as well as animals, and present a holistic picture of their culture. The paintings show everything from murder, wars, suicides, and fire breakouts to daily activities of the Arhats in a peaceful environment. Discussion Questions 1. What was the